Earth Processes

Explore the Earth’s processes, from its formation and climate to natural hazards and oceanography. Discover how these elements shape our planet and impact our lives, gaining crucial insights into Earth’s dynamic systems.

Earth Processes

1 Origin and Formation of the Earth

  1. Solar System Formation and Planetary Differentiation
  2. Formation of the Earth and its Internal Structure
  3. Composition of Crust, Mantle, and Core
  4. Thermal Field, Magnetic Field, and Gravitational Field of Earth
  5. Atmosphere and Hydrosphere of Earth
  6. Geological Time Scale

2 Plate Tectonics

  1. Formation of Continents and Ocean Basins
  2. Sea Floor Spreading
  3. Plate Tectonics
  4. Movement of Lithospheric Plates
  5. Mantle Convection and Plate Tectonics
  6. Plate Boundaries and Hot Spots

3 Earth Surface Processes

  1. Surface Processes
  2. Depositional Features Formed by Rivers, Winds, Glaciers, and Coastal Processes
  3. Stream Erosion, Transportation, and Deposition
  4. Glacial Erosion, Transportation, and Deposition
  5. Wind Erosion, Transportation, and Deposition
  6. Sea Wave Erosion, Transportation, and Deposition

4 Rocks and Minerals

  1. Minerals
  2. Chemical Classification of Minerals
  3. Structural Classification of Silicates
  4. Common Rock-Forming Mineral Groups
  5. Rocks
  6. Classification of Rocks
  7. Weathering
  8. Basic Concepts of Geochemistry

5 Elements of Climate

  1. Elements and Controls of Climate
  2. Earth’s Radiation Balance
  3. Latitudinal and Seasonal Variation of Insolation
  4. Global Pressure and Wind Belts
  5. Humidity and Precipitation
  6. Water Balance

6 Weather Phenomenon

  1. Weather: An Introduction
  2. Introduction to Air Masses
  3. Fronts and Temperate Cyclones
  4. Tropical Cyclones
  5. Jet Streams
  6. South-West and North-East Monsoons
  7. El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
  8. Classification of Climate by Koeppen and Thornthwaite

7 Meteorology

  1. Composition of Atmosphere
  2. Stratification of Atmosphere
  3. Moisture Variables
  4. Greenhouse Effect
  5. Earth’s Radiation Budget
  6. Atmospheric Stability
  7. Thermodynamic Diagrams
  8. T-Phigram and Mixing Height

8 Hydrometeorology and Climate

  1. Hydrometric Networks and Catchment Morphology
  2. Precipitation
  3. Evaporation and Evapotranspiration
  4. Soil Moisture
  5. River Flow
  6. Rivers, Lakes, and Groundwater
  7. Occurrence of Surface Water and Groundwater
  8. Movement of Water on and Below the Surface

9 Introduction to Oceanography

  1. Physiography of Ocean
  2. Origin and Evolution of Ocean Basins
  3. Shelf and Deep Sea Sedimentation
  4. Physical, Chemical, and Biological Aspects of Sea Water

10 Ocean Currents

  1. Ocean Currents
  2. Waves Properties and Motion
  3. Tides
  4. Air-Sea Exchange
  5. Ocean General Circulation Models

11 Hydrology

  1. Distribution of Water in the Crust
  2. Hydrological Cycle
  3. Genetic Types of Groundwater
  4. Residence Time of Water
  5. Types of Aquifers
  6. Springs and their Classification

12 Hydrogeology

  1. Geological Control of Groundwater
  2. Geomorphological Control
  3. Lithological Control
  4. Mode of Occurrence of Groundwater in Different Geological Terrains of India
  5. Classification of Rocks with Reference to their Water-Bearing Properties
  6. Darcy’s Law and Its Validity
  7. Groundwater Tracers

13 Introduction to Natural Hazards

  1. Hazards and Disaster
  2. Dimensions of Hazard
  3. Hazards Classification
  4. Types of Natural Hazards
  5. Effects and Service Functions of Natural Hazards
  6. Impacts of Hazards
  7. Concept of Risk and Vulnerability
  8. International Strategies

14 Geological Hazards

  1. Types and Causes of Geological Hazards
  2. Geographical Distribution
  3. Impact on Life, Property, and Environment
  4. Case Studies

15 Hydrological Hazards

  1. Types and Causes of Hydrological Hazards
  2. Geographical Distribution of Hydrological Hazards
  3. Impact on Life, Property, and Environment Due to Hydrological Hazards
  4. Case Studies Pertaining to Hydrological Hazards

16 Man Made Hazards

  1. Famine
  2. Drought
  3. Epidemic
  4. Wildfires
  5. Armed Conflicts
  6. Chemical and Biological Hazards
  7. Civil Strife